How does one calculate damping values from a Frequency Response Function (FRF)?
A classical method of determining the damping at a resonance in a Frequency Response Function (FRF) is to use the “3 dB method” (also called “half power method”).
In a FRF, the damping is proportional to the width of the resonant peak about the peak’s center frequency. By looking at the 3 dB down from the peak level, one can determine the associated damping.
The “quality factor” (also known as “damping factor”) or “Q” is found by the equation Q = f0/(f2-f1), where:
- f0 = frequency of resonant peak in Hertz
- f2 = frequency value, in Hertz, 3 dB down from peak value, higher than f0
- f1 = frequency value, in Hertz, 3 dB down from peak value, lower than f0
What is damping?
Damping is the energy dissipation properties of a material or system under cyclic stress.
If a mechanical system had no damping, once set in motion, it would remain in motion forever. Damping causes the system to gradually stop moving over time. The more damping present in a mechanical system, the shorter the time to stop moving.
Forms of Damping
Damping can be expressed in several different forms, including “loss factor”, “damping factor”, “percent critical damping”, “quality factor”, etc. Note that if the value of one of these damping forms is known, the other forms can be mathematically derived. It is just a matter of using the equations to transform the value to a different form.
For the purposes of this article, we will consider the “damping factor”, “quality factor” and “Q” to be the same as described below:
Why have different ways of expressing damping? Mostly, this is to make it easier to discuss differences in damping.
For example, perhaps two materials were tested, and the “percent critical damping” was 0.0123% in one case, and 0.0032% in the other case, which sounds like a small difference. In terms of “quality factor” or “damping factor”, the difference is 4065 versus 15625, which sounds much bigger!
Instead of using long numbers with small decimal differences like percent critical damping, changing to the “quality factor” form makes the differences easier to understand.
More vs Less Damping
As the peaks in a FRF get wider relative to the peak, the damping increases (i.e., “more” damping). This means that any vibration set in motion in the structure would decay faster due to the increased damping.
Depending on the form being used to express damping, the value may be higher or lower.
For example, the “quality factor” or “damping factor” will decrease with more damping, while “loss factor” and “percent critical damping” would increase with more damping.
Cautions
When calculating damping from a FRF, there are several items which can influence the final results:
Caution #1: Frequency Resolution
When using a digital FRF, the data curve is not continuous. It is broken into discrete data points at a fixed frequency interval or resolution. For example, this could be a 1.0 Hz spacing versus a 0.5 Hz spacing between data points. This will influence how the frequency values f0, f1 and f2 are determined.
Caution #2: Window
Sometimes, when using a modal impact hammer to calculate an experimental FRF, a user may apply an Exponential Window to avoid leakage effects to the accelerometer signal. The accelerometer response is multiplied the exponential window causing it to decay quicker in time, thus increasing the apparent damping.
One should be aware the resulting FRF will yield higher damping estimates when using the “3 dB method”. It is possible to back out the effects of the window and get the actual damping value. For example, in LMS Test.Lab, when performing a modal analysis curvefit, the exponential window affect is removed from the modal damping estimate automatically for the user.
Caution #3: Mode Spacing
If two modes are close to each other in frequency, it may be impossible to use the “3dB method” to determine the damping values.
If this is the case, there are two resonant peaks close together, which would make the peak wider than if each peak could be analyzed separately. In this case, one should use a modal curvefitter to determine the damping properly for each peak. A modal curvefitter can successfully separate the two modes influence on each other.
LMS Test.Lab Damping Cursor
After displaying a FRF, to calculate damping in LMS Test.Lab:
- Right click and add an “Automatic -> Peak Cursor” (or a regular SingleX cursor if one is confident in positioning it on the actual peak). Note: It is not necessary for amplitude to be in dB of the FRF, this will be accounted for correctly.
- After the cursor is on the peak value, right click on the cursor and select “Calculations -> Q” or “Calculations -> Damping Ratio” as desired
- Right click on cursor and select “Automatic Peak Parameters” and add as many peaks as desired in the “Max number of extrema” field.
- Right click on legend and choose “Copy Values” to export the values to Excel if desired
Have more questions on using the half power method to calculate damping from a FRF? Feel free to contact us!
More Structural Dynamics Links:
- Siemens Structural Dynamics Testing Solutions
- What is Frequency Response Function (FRF)?
- What modal impact hammer tip should I use?
- LMS Test.Lab Impact Testing Procedure
- Roving accelerometer versus roving hammer modal analysis test
- LMS Test.Lab setup tricks for triaxial accelerometers
- Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC)
- Frequency resolution, Sampling frequency, Spectral lines, and more...
LMS Test.Lab Display Tips:
- LMS Test,Lab Display Layouts
- Interactive order cursor!
- Coupled limits and coupled cursors
- The versatile Double X cursor
- Harmonics and harmonic cursors
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